Estrategias de telesalud en la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica: revisión integradora / Telehealth strategies in the care of people with chronic kidney disease: integrative review / Estratégias de telessaúde no atendimento às pessoas com doença renal crônica: revisão integrativa

Objetivo: evaluar las evidencias sobre estrategias de telesalud en la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura. La búsqueda de estudios primarios se realizó en seis bases de datos: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS y Scopus. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 48 artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2021, la estrategia de telesalud fue aplicada mediante equipo multidisciplinario, médico, enfermero, farmacéutico, nutricionista y trabajador social. De los artículos se extrajo el tipo de estudio, país, estrategia aplicada, escenario, población y profesional. Los estudios fueron seleccionados mediante la lectura de título y resumen (fase 1) y, posteriormente, mediante la lectura completa (fase 2), se los categorizó por estrategia de telesalud. El resumen de resultados se presentó de forma descriptiva y los estudios se clasificaron según el nivel de evidencia. Resultados: el domicilio fue el más representativo en las terapias de diálisis y tratamiento conservador. Se identificaron seis categorías de estrategias de telesalud: dispositivos de monitoreo remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicaciones, estrategias multimodales y contacto telefónico. Conclusión: el uso de esas estrategias para la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica tiene diferentes formatos e implementaciones, las mismas son factibles para dicha población en cualquier etapa de la enfermedad y pueden ser aplicadas por diferentes profesionales de la salud especialmente en el ámbito domiciliario. La evidencia ha demostrado que la telesalud favorece la reducción de costos, la accesibilidad a ubicaciones remotas, un mejor seguimiento de la diálisis con resultados positivos sobre el control de los síntomas, la reducción de riesgos y capacitación del paciente.

Objective: to evaluate the evidence about telehealth strategies in caring for people with chronic kidney disease. Method: integrative literature review. The search for primary studies was carried out in six databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Scopus. The sample consisted of 48 articles published between 2000 and 2021. The telehealth strategy was applied by a multidisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, nutritionis, and social workers. The type of study, country, strategy applied, setting, population, and professional were extracted from the articles. The studies were selected by reading the title and abstract (phase 1) and then reading them in full (phase 2), categorizing them by telehealth strategy. The results were summarized descriptively and the studies were classified according to their level of evidence. Results: the home was the most representative in dialysis and conservative treatment. Six categories of telehealth strategies were identified: remote monitoring devices, teleconsultation, digital platforms, apps, multimodality strategies, and telephone contact. Conclusion: using these strategies for the care of people with chronic kidney disease presents different forms and implementations, being feasible for the renal population at any stage of the disease and applicable by different health professionals with an emphasis on the home environment. The evidence shows that telehealth favors lower cost, accessibility to remote locations, and better monitoring of dialysis with positive resul in symptom control, risk reduction, and patient training.

Objetivo: analisar as evidências sobre as estratégias de telessaúde no atendimento às pessoas com doença renal crônica. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura. A busca pelos estudos primários foi realizada em seis bases de dados: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS e Scopus. A amostra foi composta por 48 artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2021, a estratégia de telessaúde foi aplicada por equipe multidisciplinar, médico, enfermeiro, farmacêutico, nutricionista e assistente social. Foram extraídos dos artigos o tipo de estudo, país, estratégia aplicada, cenário, população e profissional. Os estudos foram selecionados por leitura de título e resumo (fase 1) e, após, por leitura completa (fase 2), com sua categorização por estratégia de telessaúde. A síntese dos resultados foi apresentada de forma descritiva e os estudos classificados de acordo com o nível de evidência. Resultados: o domicílio foi o de maior representatividade nas terapias dialíticas e tratamento conservador. Foram identificadas seis categorias de estratégias de telessaúde: dispositivos de monitoramento remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicativos, estratégias multimodalidades e contato telefônico. Conclusão: a utilização dessas estratégias para o atendimento de pessoas com doença renal crônica apresenta diferentes formatos e implementações, sendo viável à população renal em quaisquer fases da doença e aplicável por diferentes profissionais de saúde com ênfase no ambiente domiciliar. As evidências apontaram que a telessaúde favorece a diminuição de custos, acessibilidade aos locais afastados, melhor monitoramento da diálise com resultados positivos no controle dos sintomas, redução dos riscos e treinamento do paciente.

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de los pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático por cirrosis alcohólica en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de Medellín entre 2004 y 2015 / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of patients undergoing liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín between 2004 and 2015

Introducción. El alcohol ha sido asociado con más de 60 enfermedades diferentes y es el tercer factor de riesgo más común relacionado con muerte y discapacidad en el mundo. La enfermedad alcohólica hepática (EAH) es la causa más común de enfermedad hepática terminal (EHT) en los países occidentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la población adulta sometida a trasplante ortotópico hepático (TOH) indicado por EHT secundaria a EAH, en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (HPTU) de Medellín entre 2004 y 2015. Metodología. Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas electrónicas de todos los pacientes trasplantados en el HPTU entre los años 2004 y 2015, sometidos a TOH indicado por EHT secundaria a EAH. Se registraron las características demográficas, comorbilidades médicas y psiquiátricas, complicaciones tempranas y tardías, recaída en el consumo de alcohol posterior al TOH, supervivencia y causa de la muerte. Resultados. Se encontraron 59 pacientes trasplantados por cirrosis de origen alcohólico. El 91,5 % fueron de sexo masculino, el 82,6 % (38/46) tuvo un período abstinencia previo al TOH mayor o igual a 6 meses, y solamente el 10,2 % (6/59) de los pacientes estuvieron vinculados a un programa de adicciones. Se encontró comorbilidad psiquiátrica en el 30 % (18/59) con predomino de depresión. Se identificó recaída pesada en el consumo de alcohol postrasplante en 6 pacientes, este subgrupo se caracterizó por una alta mortalidad (66 %), pobre adherencia a la terapia inmunosupresora y alta frecuencia de depresión (83 %). En general, la cohorte tuvo una supervivencia a 5 y 10 años de 60,8 % y 28,1 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las características epidemiológicas de la población son compartidas con reportes previos en relación al predominio de sexo masculino y adultos en la sexta década de la vida. La recaída en el consumo pesado de alcohol no es la regla, sin embargo, se encuentra asociada con abandono del tratamiento inmunosupresor y muerte. En comparación con reportes de otros países, nuestras tasas de complicaciones y mortalidad a 5 años son superiores.

Introduction. Alcohol has been associated with more than 60 different diseases and is the third most common risk factor related to death and disability throughout the world. Alcoholic liver disease is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in Western countries. The main objective of this study was to characterize adult patients with orthotopic liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín between 2004 to 2015. Methodology. Observational retrospective study. We reviewed clinical records of all patients with orthotopic liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis at the HPTU between 2004 and 2015, and retrieved demographic data, comorbidities, complications, consumption relapse and survival. Results. We analyzed 59 patients, 91.5% were male, 82.6% had an abstinence period previous to liver transplant equal or greater to six months, 10.2% were part of an addiction program, and 30% had psychiatric morbidities, mainly depression. We identified 6 patients with heavy alcoholic relapse after transplantation, this subgroup was characterized by a high mortality (66%), poor adherence to immunosuppressive therapy and high rates of depression (83%). In general, this cohort had a 5- and 10-year survival of 60.8% and 20.1%, respectively. Conclusions. The epidemiological characteristics of the population are shared with previous reports regarding the predominance of males and adults in the sixth decade of life. Relapse into heavy alcohol consumption is not the rule, however, it is associated with discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment and death. In comparison with other reports, we have higher complications and mortality rates at 5 five years.

Frecuencia de síndrome hepatopulmonar en pacientes pediátricos trasplantados en un hospital de alta complejidad en Medellín, Colombia / Frequency of hepato-pulmonary syndrome in pediatric transplanted patients in a high complexity hospital in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción. El síndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP) es una complicación grave en los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica y/o hipertensión portal. La frecuencia descrita en adultos es entre 4 % y 47 %. En pediatría, los reportes también son muy variables y van desde el 3 % hasta el 40 %, desconociendo la real incidencia de este. El objetivo de esta descripción es conocer la frecuencia del SHP en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital de alta complejidad, por medio de una búsqueda activa del SHP en los estudios pretrasplante hepático hallados en las historias clínicas. Metodolo-gía. Estudio retrospectivo de 5 años, en un hospital de alta complejidad en Colombia, en menores de 15 años con un primer trasplante hepático. Resultados. Se contó con la información de 24 pacientes, se analizaron variables demográficas y se confirmó el SHP en 18 pacientes (75 %), encontrando una gravedad leve o moderada en el 33 % y 44 %, respectivamente, siendo en este grupo la cirrosis con complicaciones por hipertensión portal la indicación más frecuente para el trasplante, y como etiología de base, la atresia de vías biliares en un 61 %. Conclusión. El SHP en nuestra población se encontró con una alta frecuencia de presentación, por encima de lo reportado en la literatura, llevando a recomendar una búsqueda activa, con el objetivo de brindar un manejo integral y oportuno.

Introduction. Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious complication in patients with chronic liver disease and/or portal hypertension. The frequency described in adults is between 4% and 47%. In pediatrics, reports are also highly variable and range from 3% to 40%, with the real incidence not clear yet. The objective of this study is to know the frequency of HPS in our population through an active search for HPS in pre-liver transplant studies in clinical records. Methodology. This is a 5-year retrospective study, in a reference hospital in Colombia, that included children under 15 years of age with a first liver transplant. Results. In 24 patients, the information was available, demographic variables were analyzed, and HPS was confirmed in 18 patients (75%), finding mild and moderate severity in 33% and 44%, respectively. In this group, cirrhosis with complications due to portal hyper-tension was the most frequent indication for transplantation and biliary atresia was the main etiology in 61%. Conclusion. HPS in our population was found with a high frequency, higher than is described in the literature, leading to the recommendation of an active search, with the aim of providing com-prehensive and timely management.

Experiencia de downstaging versus criterios de Milán para trasplante hepático por carcinoma hepatocelular en una cohorte prospectiva / Experience with downstaging versus Milan criteria for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a prospective cohort

Introducción. El acceso al trasplante hepático (TH) en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) se basa en la aplicación de criterios morfológicos rigurosos estipulados desde 1996, co-nocidos como criterios de Milán. Una de las estrategias descritas para expandir estos criterios se conoce como downstaging (reducción del estadiaje tumoral mediante terapias locorregionales). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el comportamiento postrasplante de pacientes con CHC que ingresaron dentro de los parámetros de Milán, comparado con el de aquellos pacientes llevados a terapia de downstaging en un centro colombiano. Metodología. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos con cirrosis hepática (CH) y CHC que fueron llevados a TH en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, entre julio de 2012 a septiembre de 2021. Como desenlace principal se definió recurrencia y tiempo de recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral, muerte por todas las causas y tiempo al fallecimiento. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de cada grupo. Se incluyeron scores pronósticos de recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral. Resultados. Se trasplantaron 68 pacientes con CH y CHC, 50 (73,5 %) eran hombres y la edad promedio fue 59 años; 51 pacientes (75 %) cumplían con los criterios de Milán y 17 (25 %) fueron llevados a terapia de downstaging previo al TH. No hubo diferencias significativas en la supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de trasplante entre los dos grupos evaluados, p=0,479 y p=0,385, respectivamente. Tampoco hubo diferencia significativa en la recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral entre ambos grupos (p=0,81). En total hubo 7 casos de recurrencia tumoral (10,2 %) y 11 casos de muerte (16,2 %). Conclusiones. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en recurrencia y mortalidad entre los pacientes que cumplían los criterios de Milán y los trasplantados luego de la terapia de downstaging, en un tiempo de se-guimiento de 53 meses hasta el último control posterior al trasplante hepático. Esta sería la primera evaluación prospectiva de un protocolo de downstaging para CHC en Colombia.

Introduction. Access to liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is based on the application of rigorous morphological criteria stipulated since 1996, known as the Milan criteria. One of the strategies described to expand these criteria is known as downstaging (tu-mor staging reduction through locoregional therapies). The objective of this study was to describe the post-transplant performance of patients with HCC who were admitted within the Milan parameters, compared with those of patients taken to downstaging therapy, in a Colombian center. Methodolo-gy. Adult patients with cirrhosis and HCC that received LT between July 2012 and September 2021 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital were included. The main outcome was defined as recurrence and time to recurrence of the tumor disease, death from all causes, and time to death. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of each group were evaluated. Tumor disease recurrence prognostic scores were included. Results. Sixty-eight patients with cirrhosis and HCC received LT in the time frame, 50 (73.5%) were men and the mean age was 59 years. Fifty-one patients were trans-planted (75%) fulfilling Milan criteria, and 17 (25%) patients received downstaging therapies before LT. There were no significant differences in overall survival and transplant-free survival between the two groups, p=0.479 and p=0.385, respectively. There was also no significant difference in the recurrence of the tumor disease between both groups (p=0.81). In total there were 7 tumoral recurrences (10.2%) and 11 deaths (16.2%). Conclusions. There were no differences in recurrence and survival between patients transplanted fulfilling Milan criteria and those receiving downstaging therapies, following a mean time of 53 months after LT. This is the first prospective evaluation of the downstaging protocol in Colombia.

Urgent liver retransplantation due to transmission of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by donor: the first report in the literature / Retransplante de fígado urgente devido à transmissão de colangiocarcinoma intra-hepático pelo doador: o primeiro relato da literatura

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation represents the best therapeutic modality in end-stage chronic liver disease, severe acute hepatitis, and selected cases of liver tumors. AIMS: To describe a double retransplant in a male patient diagnosed with Crohn's disease and complicated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, severe portal hypertension, and cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed in the transplanted liver. METHODS: A 48-year-old male patient diagnosed with Crohn's disease 25 years ago, complicated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and severe portal hypertension. He underwent a liver transplantation in 2018 due to secondary biliary cirrhosis. In 2021, a primary sclerosing cholangitis recurrence was diagnosed and a liver retransplantation was indicated. Recipient's hepatectomy was very difficult by reason of complex portal vein thrombosis requiring extensive thromboendovenectomy. Intraoperative ultrasound with liver doppler evaluation was performed. Two suspicious nodules were incidentally diagnosed in the donor's liver and immediately removed for anatomopathological evaluation. RESULTS: After pathological confirmation of carcinoma, probable cholangiocarcinoma, at frozen section, the patient was re-listed as national priority and a new liver transplantation was performed within 24 hours. The patient was discharged after 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The screening for neoplasms in donated organs should be part of our strict daily diagnostic arsenal. Moreover, we argue that, for the benefit of an adequate diagnosis and the feasibility of a safer procedure, the adoption of imaging tests routine for the liver donor is essential, allowing a reduction of the costs and some potential risks of liver transplant procedure.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O transplante de fígado representa a melhor modalidade terapêutica na doença hepática crônica terminal, hepatite aguda grave e casos selecionados de tumores hepáticos. OBJETIVOS: Descrever um retransplante duplo em paciente do sexo masculino, diagnosticado com doença de Crohn e complicado com colangite esclerosante primária, hipertensão portal grave e colangiocarcinoma diagnosticado no fígado transplantado. MÉTODOS: Paciente do sexo masculino, 48 anos, diagnosticado com doença de Crohn há 25 anos e complicado com colangite esclerosante primária e hipertensão portal grave. Foi submetido a um transplante de fígado em 2018 devido a cirrose biliar secundária. Em 2021, foi diagnosticada recidiva de colangite esclerosante primária e indicado retransplante hepático. A hepatectomia do receptor foi de alta complexidade devido à trombose complexa da veia porta, exigindo extensa tromboendovenectomia. Foi realizada ultrassonografia intraoperatória com doppler hepático. Dois nódulos suspeitos foram diagnosticados incidentalmente no fígado do doador e imediatamente removidos para avaliação anatomopatológica. RESULTADOS: Após confirmação patológica de carcinoma, provável colangiocarcinoma, pela congelação, o paciente foi relistado como prioridade nacional, e novo transplante hepático foi realizado em 24 horas. O paciente teve alta após 2 semanas. CONCLUSÕES: O rastreamento de neoplasias em órgãos doados deve fazer parte de nosso estrito arsenal diagnóstico diário. Além disso, defendemos que, em benefício de um diagnóstico correto e da viabilidade de um procedimento mais seguro, a adoção de uma rotina de exames de imagem é essencial em doadores hepáticos, permitindo a redução dos custos e alguns riscos potenciais do procedimento de transplante hepático.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes pós-transplante renal / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in post-kidney transplantation patients

O desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica após o transplante renal (TxR) é evidenciado na literatura e se caracteriza por alterações que conferem a redução da função do enxerto. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e identificar variáveis que se associam à síndrome metabólica em receptores de TxR tardio. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico realizado com pacientes receptores de TxR. Foram incluídos participantes com idade superior ou igual a 18 anos, receptores de TxR tardio em acompanhamento superior a 6 meses. A análise descritiva dos dados foi expressa por médias, desvio padrão, medianas e percentuais. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk ao nível de 5% de significância. Aplicou-se o teste de comparação de médias para duas amostras independentes, teste t de Student. Foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson para avaliar as possíveis relações existentes entre a variável tempo pós TxR com as outras variáveis de interesse. Resultados: Ao avaliar 43 pacientes com idade média de 50,9 ± 9,8 anos, notou-se que a síndrome metabólica esteve presente em 53,85% dos voluntários e que se associou ao peso prévio (p= 0,018), concentrações séricas de triglicerídeos (p= 0,001), menores médias de HDL (p= 0,053) e, também, foi verificada uma associação marginal com a circunferência da cintura (p= 0,051). A SM foi prevalente no período pós TxR. Ainda, as maiores médias de peso prévio ao TxR, de circunferência da cintura, de triglicerídeos e as menores médias de HDL se associaram à SM

The onset of metabolic syndrome (MS) after kidney transplantation (KTx) is evidenced in the literature and this is characterized by alterations that confer a reduction in the function of the transplantation. Objective: The aim of this research is to describe the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and to identify the variables that are associated with the metabolic syndrome in recipients of belated KTx. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study carried out with patients receiving KTx. Participants aged 18 years or older, recipients of late KTx with follow-up longer than 6 months, were included. The descriptive analysis of the data was expressed as means, standard deviation, medians and percentages. Data normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test at a 5% significance level. The mean comparison test was applied for two independent samples, Student's t test. Pearson's correlation test was used to assess possible association between the variable time after KTx and the other variables of interest. Results: Forty-three patients with a mean age of 50.9 ± 9.8 years were evaluated and metabolic syndrome was present in 53.85% of the volunteers. There was an association with previous weight (p= 0.018), serum triglyceride concentrations (p= 0.001) and lower HDL means (p= 0.053) and and a marginal association with waist circumference (p=0,0051). MS was prevalent in the post-KTx period. Furthermore, the highest means of weight prior to KTx, waist circumference, TG and the lowest means of HDL were associated with MS

Caracterización inmunogenética de donantes cadavéricos cubanos en el año 2019 / Immunogenetic characterization of Cuban cadaveric donors in 2019

Introducción: El trasplante es la opción terapéutica más favorable para las personas con insuficiencia renal crónica. El donante puede ser cadavérico o donante vivo, emparentado o no. Los resultados del trasplante están en relación con varios factores inmunológicos y no inmunológicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar inmunogenéticamente a los donantes cadavéricos cubanos para trasplante renal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo de los donantes cadavéricos durante el año 2019. Se analizó la región de procedencia, sexo, color de la piel y rangos de edades de los donantes, así como, grupo sanguíneos ABO y Rhesus Rh; serología para VIH, Virus de hepatitis B(VHB) y Virus de hepatitis C (VHC); y hábitos tóxicos. Resultados: Se estudió un total de 95 donantes cadavéricos, 62 provenientes del occidente y 33 del centro del país. El 63,2 por ciento fueron masculinos y 36,8 por ciento femenino. El grupo de edad de mayor frecuencia fue 40 - 60 años y la edad media de 49,45 años. El 58,95 por ciento de los pacientes fueron de grupo sanguíneo O; 30,53 por ciento grupo A y los grupos B y AB tuvieron 5,26 por ciento de prevalencia; y solo 8 fueron Rh negativos. Todos tuvieron serología para VIH, VHB y VHC negativas. Las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: Los donantes cadavéricos durante el año 2019 mostraron características similares a las reportadas por otros estudios. El aumento de las edades de los donantes incide en la aparición de enfermedades asociadas y esto pudiera repercutir en el resultado del trasplante(AU)

Introduction: Transplantation is the most favorable therapeutic option for people with chronic renal failure. The donor can be a cadaveric or living donor, related or not. Transplant outcomes are related to various immunological and non-immunological factors. Objective: To characterize Cuban cadaveric donors for renal transplantation Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study of cadaveric donors was carried out during the year 2019. The region of origin, sex, skin color and age ranges of the donors were analyzed, as well as ABO and Rhesus Rh blood groups; serology for HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and toxic habits. Results: A total of 95 cadaveric donors were studied, 62 from the West and 33 from the Center of the country. 63.2 percent were male and 36.8 percent female due to the most frequent age group being 40-60 years and the mean age of 49.45 years. 58.95 percent of the patients were of blood group O, 30.53 percent group A and groups B and AB had 5.26 percent prevalence; and only 8 were Rh negative. All had negative serology for HIV, HBV and HCV. The most frequent associated diseases were arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: The cadaveric donors during the year 2019 showed characteristics similar to those reported by other studies. The increase in the age of the donors affects the appearance of associated diseases and this could affect the result of the transplant(AU)

Alterações na qualidade de vida de adultos com câncer hematológico em cinco anos após o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas / Changes in the quality of life of adults with hematological cancer in five years after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Resumo: O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar as alterações da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde dos pacientes adultos com câncer hematológico, submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas, nos primeiros cinco anos após o procedimento. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, longitudinal, observacional e analítico, realizado em hospital público do sul do Brasil, referência na América Latina para esta modalidade de tratamento. Foram incluídos 55 participantes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, que se submeteram a esta terapia. A coleta de dados ocorreu de setembro de 2013 a janeiro de 2021, com avaliações em dez etapas: pré-transplante (antes de iniciar o condicionamento), pancitopenia, pré-alta hospitalar, após 100 dias, após 180 dias, Follow up 1 (após 360 dias), e anualmente até completar cinco anos da realização do procedimento. Foram aplicados um instrumento para coleta de dados sociodemográficos e clínicos e os questionários de Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde Quality of life Questionnaire Core 30 e Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Bone Marrow Transplant, ambos traduzidos, adaptados e validados para o português - Brasil. Em relação ao diagnóstico, as leucemias estão presentes em 65% dos casos; quanto à modalidade de tratamento, o transplante de células-tronco alogênico foi realizado em 71% dos pacientes. No que diz respeito aos óbitos, a causa de maior incidência foi por recidiva da doença (44%), e o maior número ocorreu no primeiro ano (37%). A qualidade de vida global (56,6/100) e geral (90,7/148) apresentou os menores escores na etapa de pancitopenia, com melhores índices no quinto ano, (80,4/100) e (116,1/148), respectivamente. A análise com o modelo linear generalizado misto evidenciou alterações significativas nos escores dos domínios de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre as etapas ao longo do tempo. Foi comprovada a hipótese de que os pacientes com melhores escores nos domínios de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde observados no início do tratamento têm maior sobrevida. Os resultados do estudo inferem as correlações entre os domínios mensurados e encontram, assim, sustentação no modelo conceitual teórico utilizado. As contribuições consistem em reafirmar a dimensionalidade do constructo qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, além de agregar conhecimento acerca das alterações autopercebidas pelos pacientes durante o tratamento.

Abstract: The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the changes in the health-related quality of life of adult patients with hematological cancer undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the first five years after the procedure. This is a quantitative, longitudinal, observational and analytical study carried out in a public hospital in southern Brazil, a reference in Latin America for this treatment modality. We included 55 participants aged 18 years and over, who underwent this therapy. Data collection took place from September 2013 to January 2021, with evaluations in ten stages: pre-transplantation (before starting conditioning), pancytopenia, pre-hospital discharge, after 100 days, after 180 days, Follow up 1 ( after 360 days), and annually until completing five years of the procedure. An instrument for collecting sociodemographic and clinical data and the Health-related Quality of life Questionnaire Core 30 and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Bone Marrow Transplant questionnaires were applied, both translated, adapted and validated for Portuguese - Brazil. Regarding diagnosis, leukemias are present in 65% of cases; regarding the treatment modality, allogeneic stem cell transplantation was performed in 71% of the patients. With regard to deaths, the cause of highest incidence was disease recurrence (44%), and the highest number occurred in the first year (37%). The global (56.6/100) and general (90.7/148) quality of life had the lowest scores in the pancytopenia stage, with better rates in the fifth year (80.4/100) and (116.1/148), respectively. The analysis with the mixed generalized linear model showed significant changes in the scores of the health-related quality of life domains between the stages over time. The hypothesis was confirmed that patients with better scores in the domains of health-related quality of life observed at the beginning of treatment have greater survival. The study results infer the correlations between the measured domains and thus find support in the theoretical conceptual model used. The contributions consist of reaffirming the dimensionality of the health-related quality of life construct, in addition to adding knowledge about the self-perceived changes by patients during treatment.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar los cambios en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de pacientes adultos con cáncer hematológico, sometidos a trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas, en los primeros cinco años después del procedimiento. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, observacional y analítico realizado en un hospital público del sur de Brasil, referencia en América Latina para esta modalidad de tratamiento. Se incluyeron 55 participantes mayores de 18 años que se sometieron a esta terapia. La recolección de datos ocurrió de septiembre de 2013 a enero de 2021, con evaluaciones en diez etapas: pretrasplante (antes de iniciar el acondicionamiento), pancitopenia, alta prehospitalaria, después de 100 días, después de 180 días, Seguimiento 1 (después de 360 días), y anualmente hasta completar cinco años del procedimiento. Se aplicó un instrumento de recolección de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos y los cuestionarios Health-related Quality of life Questionnaire Core 30 y Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Bone Marrow Transplant, ambos traducidos, adaptados y validados para portugués - Brasil. En cuanto al diagnóstico, las leucemias están presentes en el 65% de los casos; en cuanto a la modalidad de tratamiento, se realizó trasplante alogénico de células madre en el 71% de los pacientes. En cuanto a las defunciones, la causa de mayor incidencia fue la recidiva de la enfermedad (44%) y el mayor número se produjo en el primer año (37%). La calidad de vida global (56,6/100) y general (90,7/148) tuvieron las puntuaciones más bajas en la etapa de pancitopenia, con mejores tasas en el quinto año (80,4/100) y (116,1/148), respectivamente. El análisis con el modelo lineal generalizado mixto mostró cambios significativos en las puntuaciones de los dominios de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud entre las etapas a lo largo del tiempo. Se confirmó la hipótesis de que los pacientes con mejores puntajes en los dominios de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud observados al inicio del tratamiento tienen mayor sobrevida. Los resultados del estudio infieren las correlaciones entre los dominios medidos y así encuentran apoyo en el modelo teórico conceptual utilizado. Los aportes consisten en reafirmar la dimensionalidad del constructo calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, además de sumar conocimientos sobre los cambios autopercibidos por los pacientes durante el tratamiento.

Cambios en el metabolismo óseo y mineral en pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica sometidos a trasplante renal en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud durante el período comprendido entre enero 2010­agosto 2018 / Changes in bone and mineral metabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing kidney transplantation at Plaza de la Salud General Hospital during the period between January 2010­August 2018

Introducción: las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo-mineral, son una causa importante de morbilidad en los pacientes con trasplante renal, por lo que el manejo de las complicaciones del paciente trasplantado, a largo plazo, deben de ser seguidas. El estudio intenta demostrar cambios en el metabolismo óseo y mineral en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a trasplante renal en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud durante el período comprendido entre enero 2010 ­ agosto 2018, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de 131 trasplantes realizados en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud, evaluando cambios de calcio (Ca), fósforo (P) y hormona paratiroidea (PTH) antes y tres meses post-trasplante. Resultados: la edad media de los pacientes incluidos fue 43.1 ±13.1 años, 72.51 % pertenecía al sexo masculino, con un tiempo medio en hemodiálisis en meses de 27.0 ± 33.6, 60 % de los trasplantes realizados fueron de donante vivo y un 63 % de los pacientes tenía HTA como comorbilidad. El nivel medio de PTH disminuyó en los primeros 3 meses posteriores al trasplante comparado con el pre-trasplante (779.6 ± 1004.0 vs. 167.9 ± 138.2 pg/ml). El fosfato disminuyó significativamente (4.9 ± 1.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.8) y el calcio aumentó (9.0 ± 1.2 mg/dl vs. a 9.7± 0.8 mg/dl). Discusión: los cambios generales en los niveles séricos de Ca, P, PTH, BUN y creatinina desde el momento del TR a los 3 meses post TR, fueron todos significativos

Introduction: Alterations of bone-mineral metabolism are an important cause of morbidity in patients with kidney transplantation, so the management of long-term transplant patient complications should be followed. The study tries to demonstrate changes in bone and mineral metabolism in patients with chronic renal disease undergoing kidney transplant in the Hospital General Plaza de la Salud during the period January 2010 to August 2018, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Method: Observational, Descriptive, Retrospective and Cross-sectional Study of 131 transplants performed at Hospital General Plaza de la Salud, evaluating changes of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) before and 3 months post-transplant. Results: The mean age of the patients included was 43.1 ± 13.1 years, 72.51% belonged to the male sex, with a mean time on hemodialysis in months of 27.0 ± 33.6, 60% of the transplants performed were from live donors and 63% from the patients had hypertension as comorbidity. The mean PTH level decreased in the first 3 months after transplantation compared to the pre-transplant (779.6 ± 1004.0 vs 167.9 ± 138.2 pg/ml). Phosphate decreased significantly (4.9 ± 1.6 vs 3.5 ± 0.8) and calcium increased (9.0 ± 1.2 mg / dl vs. 9.7 ± 0.8 mg / dl). Discussion: The general changes in serum levels of Ca, P, PTH, BUN and Creatinine from the time of TR to 3 months post TR were all significant

Fatores de risco para a mortalidade em candidatos ao transplante de fígado em lista de espera: estudo de coorte retrospectivo / Risk factors for mortality in liver transplant candidates in waiting list: a retrospective cohort study

O transplante de fígado é procedimento cirúrgico complexo que possibilita o tratamento de pessoas com doenças hepáticas progressivas, terminais e irreversíveis, promovendo a melhoria da qualidade de vida. Porém, a mortalidade em candidatos ao transplante de fígado é preocupação constante, tanto para os pacientes quanto para os profissionais da saúde. O objetivo geral do estudo foi estimar a taxa de incidência de mortalidade em candidatos ao transplante de fígado em lista de espera. Trata-se de estudo de coorte retrospectivo. A população foi composta por pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos, de ambos os sexos e inscritos em lista de espera para o transplante de fígado, no período de 1 de janeiro de 2015 até 31 de julho de 2018. Com o auxílio de um roteiro, os dados foram transcritos de prontuários eletrônicos de hospital de nível terciário, do interior do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de outubro de 2020 até abril de 2021. A análise estatística foi realizada em duas etapas (descritiva e analítica). Curvas de sobrevivência bruta e estratificadas foram calculadas por meio do estimador produto de Kaplan-Meier. Para a identificação de fatores associados à mortalidade foram construídos modelos univariados, parciais e multivariados, utilizando-se os modelos de Cox Estendidos (Hazards proporcionais). Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software Stata (versão 13.1). No período delimitado do estudo, 284 inscrições foram realizadas para o transplante de fígado, sendo que a amostra da pesquisa foi composta de 177 candidatos, desses, 130 foram considerados censuras e 47 faleceram devido às complicações hepáticas. As médias de idade nas censuras e óbitos foram de 55,8 e 58,1 anos, respectivamente. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino nas censuras (74,6%) e óbitos (70,2%). O diagnóstico principal para indicação do transplante de fígado com frequência maior foi a cirrose alcoólica, tanto nas censuras (37,7%) quanto nos óbitos (34,0%). Na entrada da lista de espera, as médias do Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) nas censuras e óbitos foram de 15,2 e 19,0 pontos, respectivamente. As médias do tempo de permanência na lista de espera, nas censuras e óbitos foram de 209,1 e 227,9 dias, respectivamente. A taxa geral de incidência de mortalidade foi de 0,18%. No modelo final 1, os fatores de risco independentes associados com a mortalidade foram a idade (Razão de hazards ajustada (aHR)=1,05; IC 95%:1,01-1,11), MELD na entrada da lista de espera (aHR=1,10; IC 95%:1,01-1,19), ascite (aHR=1,01; IC 95%: 1,01-1,02) e infecção (aHR= 1,02; IC95%; 1,01-1,03). No modelo final 2, os fatores de risco independentes foram a idade (aHR=1,06; IC 95%; 1,01-1,12), peritonite bacteriana espontânea (aHR=1,02; IC 95%: 1,00-1,03) e internação (aHR= 1,01; IC95%: 1,01-1,02). Os resultados do presente estudo produziram conhecimento sobre o perfil epidemiológico, complicações decorrentes da doença hepática, taxa de incidência de mortalidade e fatores de risco associados à mortalidade de candidatos ao transplante de fígado, sendo que as evidências geradas podem subsidiar a tomada de decisão do enfermeiro para o gerenciamento do cuidado de enfermagem

Liver transplantation is a complex surgical procedure that enables the treatment of people with progressive, terminal and irreversible liver diseases, improving their quality of life. However, mortality in candidates for liver transplantation is a constant concern for both patients and health professionals. The overall objective of the study was to estimate the mortality incidence rate in candidates for liver transplantation on a waiting list. This is a retrospective cohort study. The population consisted of patients aged ≥ 18 years, of both sexes and enrolled on the waiting list for liver transplantation, from January 1, 2015 to July 31, 2018. With the help of a script, the data were transcribed from electronic medical records of a tertiary-level hospital, in the interior of the state of São Paulo. Data were collected from October 2020 to April 2021. Statistical analysis was performed in two stages (descriptive and analytical). Crude and stratified survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier product estimator. Univariate, partial and multivariate models were constructed to identify factors associated with mortality, using the Extended Cox models (proportional hazards). Data were analyzed using the software Stata (version 13.1). A total of 284 applications were made for liver transplantation in the study period, and the research sample was composed of 177 candidates, of which 130 were censored and 47 died due to liver complications. The mean age at censoring and death was 55.8 and 58.1 years, respectively. Most patients were male at censoring (74.6%) and death (70.2%). The main diagnosis for indication of liver transplantation was alcoholic cirrhosis, both at censoring (37.7%) and at death (34.0%). At the entrance to the waiting list, the averages of the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) in censoring and death were 15.2 and 19.0 points, respectively. The average length of stay on the waiting list, in censoring and death were 209.1 and 227.9 days, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 0.18%. In the final model 1, the independent risk factors associated with mortality were age (adjusted hazards ratio (aHR)=1.05; 95% CI:1.01-1.11), MELD at the entrance of the waiting list (aHR=1.10; 95% CI:1.01-1.19), ascites (aHR=1.01; 95% CI: 1.01-1.02) and infection (aHR= 1.02; 95% IC; 1.01-1.03). In the final model 2, the independent risk factors were age (aHR=1.06; 95% CI; 1.01-1.12), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (aHR=1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.03) and hospitalization (aHR= 1.01; 95% IC: 1.01-1.02). The results of the present study contributed to the assessment of the epidemiological profile, complications resulting from liver disease, mortality incidence rate and risk factors associated with mortality of candidates for liver transplantation, and the evidence generated can support the nurse's decision-making for the management of nursing care

Short- and mid- term impact of tobacco smoking on donor renal function following living kidney donation at a tertiary referral hospital

Background: The negative impact of tobacco smoking on renal function has been widely studied. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of smoking on pre-operative and post-operative renal function in living kidney donors. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the short- and mid-term impact of smoking on donor renal function. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 308 patients who underwent living donor nephrectomy (LDN) at a tertiary referral hospital. We compared baseline characteristics as well as functional outcomes following LDN according to history of tobacco smoking. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the modification of diet in renal disease equation in 6 time periods: pre-operative, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery. We performed a Kaplan-Meier analysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcome and binary logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors associated with CKD at 24 months of follow-up. Results: Among donors, 106 (34.4%) reported a smoking history before nephrectomy. Smoking donors had worse pre-operative eGFR than non-smokers (90 ± 26.3 mL/min/1.73m2 vs. 96 ± 27 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively; p = 0.02) and lower eGFR at 1 week (p = 0.01), 1 month (p ≤ 0.01), 6 months (p = 0.01), and 12 months (p = 0.01) after LDN. Tobacco smoking (OR 3.35, p ≤ 0.01) and age ≥ 40 years at donation (OR 6.59, p ≤ 0.01) were associated with post-operative development of CKD at 24 months after LDN. Conclusions: Living kidney donors with a tobacco smoking history had an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease following nephrectomy. Smoking-cessation strategies should be implemented.

Soporte ventilatorio no invasivo como puente hacia el trasplante pulmonar: reporte de un caso / Bridging to lung transplant using noninvasive ventilatory support: a case report

El soporte ventilatorio no invasivo es una herramienta que ha demostrado mejorar la sobrevida de pacientes con falla muscular de la bomba respiratoria y el manejo de enfermedades pulmonares crónicas, incluso la ventilación no invasiva nocturna ha servido de puente hacia el trasplante pulmonar. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 14 años con enfermedad pulmonar crónica hipoxémica severa y falla ventilatoria secundaria, que requirió ventilación prolongada y traqueostomía en espera de trasplante pulmonar. Luego de reevaluar indemnidad de la vía aérea fue decanulada a soporte ventilatorio no invasivo, con uso alternado de mascarilla nasal nocturna y pieza bucal diurna, permitiendo descanso muscular respiratorio eficiente, y mejoría de flujo de tos con técnicas de apilamiento de aire. Este plan permitió una decanulación segura y realizar soporte continuo ventilatorio no invasivo con un programa de rehabilitación cardiorrespiratorio. Generalmente, el soporte ventilatorio no invasivo se utiliza en trastornos primarios de la bomba respiratoria. En este caso, se indicó para enfermedad pulmonar crónica hipoxémica, mostrando claros beneficios con oxigenación adecuada, buen rendimiento cardiovascular con mejor tolerancia al ejercicio y entrenamiento en el escenario de preparación al trasplante pulmonar.

Noninvasive Ventilatory Support has demonstrated to improve survival of patients with ventilatory pump muscle failure and nocturnal noninvasive ventilation is useful in chronic lung disease, even bridging to lung transplant. We present a 14 years old girl with severe hypoxemic chronic lung disease and secondary ventilatory failure, who required continuous long-term ventilation and underwent a tracheostomy waiting for lung transplant. After reevaluated the airway patency the patient was decannulated to Noninvasive Ventilation Support, alternating nocturnal nasal mask with diurnal mouth piece in order to provide efficient respiratory muscle rest, made air stacking and improved cough flow. This plan allows safe decannulation to continuous Noninvasive Ventilatory Support tailoring a rehabilitation cardiorespiratory program. Usually, Noninvasive Ventilation Support is prescribed for primary respiratory pump muscles failure, but in this case, it was applied for a hypoxemic chronic lung disease. Clear benefits were observed leading to appropriate oxygenation, good cardiovascular performance with better tolerance to exercise for training in the preparatory scenario of a lung transplant.

Transplante renal e a importância da equipe nos cuidados destinados ao pós-operatório: uma revisão integrativa / Kidney transplantation and the importance of the team in postoperative care: an integrative review / El trasplante de riñón y la importancia del equipo en el postoperatorio: una revisión integradora

Objetivo: Sob os preceitos da enfermagem na efetivação destes na tomada de decisões acerca de cuidados prescritos ao paciente, torna-se preponderante levantar na literatura os estudos científicos que versavam sobre aspectos da relevância do profissional da enfermagem, no processo de preparo e pós-cirúrgico dos pacientes em terapia renal de substituição. Método: Assim, foi realizada revisão integrativa de artigos científicos, para identificar os que versam sobre a importância do enfermeiro nos cuidados pós-operatórios do transplante renal. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 10 publicações entre 2015 e 2020. Conclusão: Com aproximadamente mais de cinco mil transplantes renais realizados anualmente e baseado na legislação nacional, o Brasil, está no topo dos países que realizam a terapia definitiva para a doença renal crônica. Entretanto, apesar de ser um importante recurso terapêutico, não significa que a cura foi alcançada, mas sim uma nova perspectiva de qualidade de vida.

Objective: Under the precepts of nursing in its effectiveness in making decisions about prescribed care to the patient, it becomes important to bring the literature of scientific studies that dealt with aspects of the relevance of the nursing professional in the process of preparing and post-surgical patients in renal replacement therapy. Method: It was made an integrative review of scientific articles, to identify those dealing with the importance of nurses in postsurgical care for kidney transplantation. Results: 10 publications were selected between the years of 2015 and 2020.Conclusion: With approximately more than five thousand kidney transplants performed annually and based on the national legislation, Brazil is at the top of the countries that perform the definitive therapy for chronic kidney disease. However, despite being an important therapeutic resource, it does not mean that a cure has been achieved, but a new perspective on quality of life

Objetivo: Bajo los preceptos de la enfermería en su efectividad en la toma de decisiones sobre los cuidados prescritos al paciente, se torna preponderante suscitar en la literatura estudios científicos que aborden aspectos sobre la importancia del profesional de enfermería en el proceso de preparación y postoperatorio de pacientes en terapia de reemplazo renal. Método: Así, se realizó una revisión integradora de artículos científicos para identificar aquellos que tratan sobre la importancia del enfermero en el postoperatorio de trasplante renal. Resultados: se seleccionaron 10 publicaciones entre 2015 y 2020. Conclusión: Con aproximadamente más de 5.000 trasplantes de riñón realizados anualmente y con una base en la legislación nacional, Brasil está a la vanguardia de los países que realizan terapia definitiva para la enfermedad renal crónica. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser un recurso terapéutico importante, no significa que se haya logrado una cura, pero una nueva perspectiva sobre la calidad de vida no siempre es fácil para el paciente

Feelings, experiences and expectations of kidney transplant individuals and challenges for the nurse / Sentimientos, experiencias y expectativas de individuos renales trasplantados y desafíos para el enfermero / Sentimentos, vivências e expectativas de indivíduos renais transplantados e desafios para o enfermeiro

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify feelings, experiences, and expectations of kidney transplant patients, generated from the diagnosis of chronic renal disease until the post-transplant period, highlighting the challenges for nurses to incorporate individualized care to cope throughout the disease process. Methods: qualitative, descriptive research, carried with seven kidney transplant patients, in the city of Manaus, State of Amazonas. The data analysis followed the methodological referential of Bardin's content analysis. Results: the diagnosis of the disease was experienced negatively, and hemodialysis was described as an imprisonment and health decline. The transplant meant an improvement in quality of life. The main difficulties were lack of a specialized hospital and low immunity. Conclusions: the nurses' approach of chronic renal patient and with the renal transplantation favored the discovery of solutions facing the demands of the disease and allowed greater capacity to implement individualized care, surrounding a relationship of trust and respect.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar sentimientos, experiencias y expectativas de individuos renales trasplantados, generados desde el diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica hasta el postrasplante, destacando los desafíos para el enfermero en la incorporación de cuidados individualizados de enfrentamiento durante el proceso de la enfermedad. Métodos: investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, con siete trasplantados renales, en Manaus, Amazonas. El análisis de los datos siguió el referencial metodológico del análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: el diagnóstico de la enfermedad ha vivido de forma negativa, y la hemodiálisis ha sido descripta como reclusión y declive. El trasplante significó mejora de la calidad de vida. Las principales dificultades fueron falta de hospital especializado y baja inmunidad. Conclusiones: el acercamiento del enfermero con el enfermo renal crónico y con el trasplantado renal favorece el encuentro de soluciones delante las exigencias de la enfermedad y le permite mayor capacidad para implementar cuidados individualizados, en una relación de confianza y respecto.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar sentimentos, vivências e expectativas de indivíduos renais transplantados, gerados desde o diagnóstico de Doença Renal Crônica até o período pós-transplante, destacando os desafios para o enfermeiro na incorporação de cuidados individualizados de enfrentamento durante todo o processo da doença. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, realizada com sete transplantados renais, na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas. A análise dos dados seguiu o referencial metodológico da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: o diagnóstico da doença foi vivenciado de forma negativa, e a hemodiálise foi descrita como aprisionamento e declínio. O transplante significou melhora da qualidade de vida. As principais dificuldades foram falta de hospital especializado e baixa imunidade. Conclusões: a aproximação do enfermeiro com o doente renal crônico e com o transplantado renal favorece o encontro de soluções diante das exigências da doença e permite-lhe maior capacidade para implementar cuidados individualizados, envoltos em uma relação de confiança e respeito.

Trasplante Hepático: Supervivencia global del receptor en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Liver Transplantation: Overall survival at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN. El primer trasplante hepático en el mundo se realizó en Estados Unidos en 1963 por Thomas Starzl, hasta la década de los 90 la supervivencia al año fue de 73% y a los 5 años de 64%, según diferentes series que abarcaron más de 1 000 trasplantes realizados hasta 1989. El Ecuador requiere de estas estadísticas. El Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín inició la actividad del programa en mayo del 2016. OBJETIVO. Conocer la supervivencia global de los pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, con una población igual a la muestra de 62 datos de Historias Clínicas del Programa de Trasplante Hepático en la Unidad Técnica de Trasplante del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período mayo 2016 a diciembre 2019. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes so-metidos a trasplante hepático, con seguimiento durante 43 meses. La información se obtuvo de la base de datos del sistema AS400; se analizaron en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 23.0. RESULTADOS. La supervi-vencia global a los 12 meses fue 72% (17; 62) y a los 43 meses fue 69% (19; 62). DISCUSIÓN. Se evidenció similares resultados descritos de supervivencia en centros con actividad en periodos cortos, menor a 5 años. CONCLUSIÓN. Se pudo conocer la supervivencia global de los pacientes trasplantados del hospital, cuya expectativa motiva a potenciar el programa para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes candidatos a trasplante.

INTRODUCTION. The first liver transplant in the world was performed in the United States in 1963 by Thomas Starzl, until the 90s the survival at one year was 73% and at 5 years it was 64%, accor-ding to different series that included more than 1 000 transplants carried out until 1989. Ecuador re-quires these statistics. The Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital began program activity in May 2016. OBJECTIVE. To know the overall survival of patients undergoing liver transplantation. MATE-RIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive study, with a population equal to the sample of 62 data from the Medical Records of the Liver Transplant Program in the Technical Transplant Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital in the period May 2016 to December 2019. Inclusion criteria: patients submitted to liver transplantation, with follow-up for 43 months. The information was obtained from the AS400 system database; were analyzed in the statistical program Internatio-nal Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 23.0. RESULTS. Ove-rall survival at 12 months was 72% (17; 62) and at 43 months it was 69% (19; 62). DISCUSSION. Similar survival results described were evidenced in centers with activity in short periods, less than 5 years. CONCLUSION. It was possible to know the overall survival of the transplanted patients at the hospital, whose expectation motivates us to promote the program to improve the quality of life of the transplant candidates.

Síndrome cardiorrenal: aspectos clínicos y ecocardiográficos / Cardiorenal syndrome: Clinical and echocardiographic aspects

Resumen El síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) es un trastorno en el que intervienen el corazón y los riñones, interactuando y produciendo una disfunción entre ellos en forma aguda o crónica. Existen diferentes fenotipos clínicos bien identificados como «desórdenes del corazón y riñón en los que la disfunción aguda o crónica en un órgano induce la disfunción aguda o crónica del otro¼. La alta incidencia de morbimortalidad cardiovascular presente en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT), en especial la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), origina inicialmente una lesión miocárdica que conlleva remodelamiento ventricular, lo cual induce a la activación de mecanismos compensadores, entre los cuales el riñón es pieza fundamental, ya que regula la homeostasis hidroelectrolítica y así el volumen circulante, siendo esto en la etapa dialítica más evidente. Los cambios funcionales y anatómicos cardiovasculares que se producen en estos pacientes son muy prevalentes e incluyen las interacciones hemodinámicas del corazón y los riñones en la insuficiencia cardiaca, y el impacto de la enfermedad aterosclerótica en ambos sistemas de órganos. También describimos estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas aplicables al síndrome cardiorrenal, que determinan la importancia de la ecocardiografía como modelo de diagnóstico útil. Finalmente, se analizan las posibilidades de tratamiento y la remisión de las alteraciones funcionales cardiacas con el trasplante renal en los pacientes con ERCT.

Abstract Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a disorder in which the heart and kidneys are involved, interacting and producing a dysfunction between them in an acute or chronic way. There are different clinical phenotypes well identified as "heart and kidney disorders in which acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ induces acute or chronic dysfunction in the other". The high incidence of cardiovascular morbimortality in patients with chronic terminal kidney disease (CKD), especially heart failure (HF), initially causes a myocardial lesion that leads to ventricular remodeling, which induces the activation of compensatory mechanisms, among which the kidney is a fundamental part since it regulates the hydroelectrolytic homeostasis and thus the circulating volume, being this in the dialytic stage more evident. The functional and anatomical changes at cardiovascular level that occur in these patients are very prevalent, and include hemodynamic interactions of the heart and kidneys in heart failure and the impact of atherosclerotic disease in both organ systems. We also describe diagnostic and therapeutic strategies applicable to cardiorenal syndrome, which determine the importance of echocardiography as a useful diagnostic model. Finally, we analyze the possibilities of treatment and remission of cardiac functional alterations with renal transplantation in patients with T-CKD.

Factores asociados a la mortalidad en el primer año postrasplante cardíaco / Factors associated with mortality in the first year post-cardiac transplantation

Resumen Introducción: en el trasplante cardiaco la sobrevida es del 81 al 85% en el primer año; las infecciones y la falla del injerto son las principales causas de mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad al año postrasplante cardiaco en un hospital de alta complejidad del suroccidente colombiano. Métodos: cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con trasplante de corazón llevado a cabo entre 1996 a 2015. Se obtuvo la información de las características del donante, receptor y procedimiento quirúrgico. Se realizó una regresión de Cox; el evento de interés fue la mortalidad al primer año de seguimiento. En el análisis multivariable se incluyeron variables con p ≤ 0,20 y significancia clínica. Resultados: se incluyeron 158 pacientes, con mediana de edad de 50 años (RIC: 39-57), 76% hombres. La principal etiología de falla cardiaca fue idiopática (45%). La mediana de tiempo de isquemia fue 187 minutos (RIC: 142-300). La mortalidad fue 24%, y se atribuyó principalmente a infecciones (29%). Fueron factores asociados a mortalidad la cardiopatía congénita como etiología de falla cardíaca (p 0,048), antecedente de diabetes mellitus (p 0,001), cirugía cardiaca previa (p 0,023) tiempo de isquemia mayor a 150 minutos (p 0,038) y relación receptor hombre/donante mujer (p 0,022). Conclusiones: los factores asociados a mayor mortalidad en el primer año postrasplante cardiaco fueron: etiología de la falla cardíaca por cardiopatía congénita, antecedente de diabetes mellitus, cirugía cardiaca previa, relación receptor hombre con donante mujer, tiempo de isquemia mayor a 150 minutos.

Abstract Introduction: The survival rate in the first year after heart transplant is between 81% and 85%. The main causes of mortality are infections and failure of the graft. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with mortality at one year post- cardiac transplant in a high complexity hospital in south-west Colombia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients with a heart transplant carried out between 1996 and 2015. Information was obtained on the characteristics of the donor, recipient, and surgical procedure. A Cox regression was performed, with the event of interest being mortality in the first year of follow-up. In the multivariate analysis, variables were included that had a P≤ .20 and clinical significance. Results: The study included a total of 158 patients, with a median age of 50 years (IQR: 39-57), of whom 76% were males. The most common origin was idiopathic heart failure (45%). The median time of ischaemia was 187 minutes (IQR: 142-300). The mortality was 24% and was mainly due to infections (29%). There were factors associated with the congenital heart failure mortality such as origin of heart failure (P = .048), history of diabetes mellitus (P = .001), previous cardiac surgery (P = .023), ischaemia time greater than 150 minutes (P = .038), and the male recipient / female donor ratio (P = .022). Conclusions: The factors associated with higher mortality in the first year post-cardiac transplant were: origin of heart failure due to congenital heart disease, history of diabetes mellitus, previous cardiac surgery, the male recipient / female donor ratio, and an ischaemia time greater than 150 minutes.

Perfil da morbimortalidade por doença renal crônica no Brasil / Morbidity and mortality from chronic kidney disease in Brazil / Perfil de la morbimortalidad por enfermedad renal crónica en Brasil

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever a morbimortalidade por Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) no Brasil. Realizamos um estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH), entre 2008 e 2016, Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), de 2008 a 2014, Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais (SIA) e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O número de internações e óbitos foram analisados por regiões brasileiras, ano, sexo, faixa etária, local de residência e população residente no período. Calculamos o coeficiente de mortalidade e realizamos a regressão linear para analisar a tendência no período estudado. Os valores do R2, B e o p-valor foram calculados utilizando-se o SPSS versão 21.0, sendo considerados estatisticamente significantes os valores de p < 0,05. Os gastos com hemodiálise e o número de transplante renal foram descritos. Como resultados, identificamos que o número de internações e óbitos por DRC no Brasil aumentaram no período estudado, com destaque para a região Sudeste, para a faixa etária acima de 75 anos e para o sexo masculino. O número de transplantes e os gastos com hemodiálise aumentaram em todas as regiões. A análise é representativa do comportamento da DRC na população brasileira e poderá servir para adequar políticas públicas de assistência à saúde.

This study sought to describe morbidity and mortality from chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Brazil. A descriptive study was carried out using data available on the Hospital Information System (SIH), between 2008 and 2016, Mortality Information System (SIM), from 2008 to 2014, Outpatient Information System (SIA) and IBGE. Number of hospitalizations and deaths were analyzed by year, gender, age, place of residence and resident population in the period. Mortality coefficients were calculated and a linear regression was performed to analyze the trend over the period studied. R2, B and p-value were calculated using SPSS version 21.0, and p < 0.05 were considered statically significant. Hemodialysis expenses and the number of kidney transplants were described. The number of hospitalizations and deaths from CKD in Brazil increased in the studied period, especially in the Southeast, for men over 75 years old. The number of kidney transplants and hemodialysis expenses also increased in all the regions analyzed. This analysis is representative of how CKD behaves in the Brazilian population and may serve to adjust public health care policies.

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo describir la morbimortalidad por enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en Brasil. Este estudio descriptivo se realizó a partir de los datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH) en el periodo de 2008 a 2016, el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM), de 2008 a 2014, el Sistema de Información de Ambulatorio (SIA) y el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). Se analizó el número de hospitalizaciones y óbitos según regiones brasileñas, año, sexo, grupo de edad, lugar de residencia y población residente en el periodo evaluado. El coeficiente de mortalidad se calculó, y se aplicó una regresión lineal para analizar la tendencia en el periodo estudiado. Los valores de R2, B y el valor de p se calcularon utilizando SPSS, versión 21.0, considerándose estadísticamente significativo p < 0,05. Se describieron los gastos con hemodiálisis y el número de trasplantes renales. Los resultados apuntan que el número de hospitalizaciones y muertes por ERC en Brasil tuvo un aumento en el periodo estudiado, sobre todo en la región Sudeste, con el grupo de edad de más de 75 años y la población masculina. El número de trasplantes y los gastos con hemodiálisis tuvieron un aumento en todas las regiones. Este análisis es representativo del comportamiento de la ERC en la población brasileña y puede servir para que se adapten las políticas públicas de atención de la salud.

Epidemiological profile and study on waiting lists for corneal transplants in a tertiary hospital

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies and about patients' waiting time on queues for corneal transplantation are important, as they allow us to know the assisted population and assist the medical team. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological and demographic profile of patients undergoing corneal transplantation from January 2014 to September 2018 at a teaching hospital in the city of Santo André, as well as their waiting time for the procedure. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study, performed through analysis of medical records and data from the website of the Government of the State of São Paulo's transplant center. The study was conducted at the External and Corneal Diseases sector of the discipline of Ophthalmology from Centro Universitário FMABC. The following data were evaluated: gender, age, race, origin and waiting time for the patient to have a transplant. RESULTS: A total of 139 corneal transplant patients were recruited for the study, with a mean age of 47.4±23 years. According to gender, just over half of the transplanted were female (50.4%). Regarding to skin color, 45.3% of the patients were white, 44.6% were brown and 10.1% were black. As for their origin, most patients were from the city of Santo André. CONCLUSION: This study enabled the assessment and knowledge of the epidemiological profile and waiting time for corneal transplantation in our patients. This information is important, as it helps us to understand the profile of the assisted population and in the organization and planning of the medical team, contributing to better guidance and care for the patients.

Clinical and laboratory data in pediatric autoimmune hepatitis: study from referral center in Iran / Datos clínicos y de laboratorio en hepatitis autoinmune pediátrica: estudio del centro de referencia en Irán

ABSTARCT Background : Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an auto-inflammatory liver disease of children and adults, affecting patients of any age, sex, race or ethnicity, with more prevalence in females. Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical manifestation, laboratory findings, and outcome of children with autoimmune hepatitis. Materials and methods : We evaluated 86 patients treated and followed with final diagnosis of AIH between years 2010 to 2018. Physical findings (including jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and encephalopathy), liver enzymes, liver histology and autoantibodies (including ANA, Anti LKM-1 and ASMA) were extracted from medical files. Then the patients were followed for their final outcome (including response to medical treatment or successful treatment withdrawal, liver transplantation or death). Results : Among 86 patients with AIH with mean age 9.10±4.36 years old, 66.27% were females. Jaundice (75.6%) and hepatomegaly (46.5%) were the most frequent physical findings, followed by splenomegaly (32.6%) and encephalopathy (17.4%). Aminotransferases including AST and ALT were elevated at least 3 times more than upper limit of normal in most of the patients (61.6% and 55.81%, respectively). Autoantibodies were available in 53 of 86 patients, 24.5% had AIH-1, 3.8% had AIH-II and 67.9% were seronegative. Medical treatment including prednisolone and azathioprine was started for patients, 53 of 86 cases (61.6%) had remission and 11 of 86 (13.7%) tolerated medication withdrawal successfully. Among all cases, 26 (30.2%) patients needed liver transplantation. Mortality rate was 9 among 86 cases (10.5%). Conclusion : Jaundice and hepatomegaly was the most frequent clinical findings. Mortality rate was 10.5%.

RESUMEN Antecedentes : La hepatitis autoinmune (AIH) es una enfermedad hepática autoinflamatoria de niños y adultos, que afecta a pacientes de cualquier edad, sexo, raza u origen étnico, con mayor prevalencia en las mujeres. Objetivo : El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la manifestación clínica, los hallazgos de laboratorio y el resultado de los niños con hepatitis autoinmune. Materiales y métodos : Evaluamos 86 pacientes tratados y seguidos con el diagnóstico final de AIH entre los años 2010 a 2018. Los hallazgos físicos (incluyendo ictericia, hepatomegalia, esplenomegalia y encefalopatía), enzimas hepáticas, histología hepática y autoanticuerpos (incluidos ANA, Anti LKM-1 y ASMA) se extrajeron de las historias médicas. Luego, los pacientes fueron seguidos para su resultado final (incluida la respuesta al tratamiento médico o la retirada exitosa del tratamiento, el trasplante de hígado o la muerte). Resultados : Entre 86 pacientes con AIH con una edad media de 9,10 ± 4,36 años, el 66,27% eran mujeres. La ictericia (75,6%) y la hepatomegalia (46,5%) fueron los hallazgos físicos más frecuentes, seguidos de esplenomegalia (32,6%) y encefalopatía (17,4%). Las aminotransferasas que incluyen AST y ALT se elevaron al menos 3 veces más que el límite superior de la normalidad en la mayoría de los pacientes (61,6% y 55,81%, respectivamente). Los autoanticuerpos estaban disponibles en 53 de 86 pacientes, 24,5% tenían AIH-1, 3,8% tenían AIH-II y 67,9% eran seronegativos. Se inició tratamiento médico que incluyó prednisolona y azatioprina, 53 de 86 casos (61,6%) tuvieron remisión y 11 de 86 (13,7%) toleraron el retiro de medicamentos con éxito. Entre todos los casos, 26 (30,2%) pacientes necesitaron un trasplante de hígado. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 9 entre 86 casos (10,5%). Conclusión : la ictericia y la hepatomegalia fueron los hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes. La tasa de mortalidad fue del 10,5%.